{"id":1127,"date":"2020-02-17T01:41:23","date_gmt":"2020-02-17T07:41:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogofnotesite.wpengine.com\/?p=1127"},"modified":"2020-02-17T01:41:23","modified_gmt":"2020-02-17T07:41:23","slug":"the-historiographical-context-of-revisiting-james-bradley-thayer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?p=1127","title":{"rendered":"The Historiographical Context of &#8220;Revisiting James Bradley Thayer&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"><em>The following piece is a part of NULR of Note&#8217;s \u201cBring Back The \u201890s\u201d initiative, aimed at exploring the evolution of legal thinking over the past three decades. For more, <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/blogofnotesite.wpengine.com\/?p=1114\"><em>click here<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"5184\" height=\"3456\" data-attachment-id=\"1128\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?attachment_id=1128\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?fit=5184%2C3456&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"5184,3456\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?fit=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?fit=640%2C427&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?fit=640%2C427\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1128\" data-link=\"https:\/\/blogofnotesite.wpengine.com\/?attachment_id=1128\" class=\"wp-image-1128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?w=5184&amp;ssl=1 5184w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?resize=405%2C270&amp;ssl=1 405w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/sebastian-pichler-bAQH53VquTc-unsplash.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption>Photo by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@pichler_sebastian?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\">Sebastian Pichler<\/a>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/s\/photos\/constitutional-law?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\">Unsplash<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The 1993 Symposium in which <a href=\"http:\/\/northwesternlawreview.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/88NwULRev481993-1994.pdf\">Revisiting James Bradley Thayer<\/a> appeared was prompted by the centennial of James Bradley Thayer\u2019s essay, <a href=\"http:\/\/lcweb2.loc.gov\/service\/gdc\/scd0001\/2007\/20078131004or\/20078131004or.pdf\"><em>The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law<\/em><\/a>. At that time, Thayer\u2019s essay was still quite well known among constitutional scholars, who were largely in thrall to the dominant \u201cprogressive\u201d interpretation of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century constitutional history\u2014featuring the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/lochner_era\"><em>Lochner<\/em> era<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/substantive_due_process\">substantive due process<\/a>, the Supreme Court\u2019s retreat from aggressive review of other-branch legislation after the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fjc.gov\/history\/timeline\/fdrs-court-packing-plan\">Court-packing crisis<\/a>, and the Court\u2019s eventual settling into an enlightened deference toward <a href=\"https:\/\/www-jstor-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu\/stable\/pdf\/27551836.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A52b5c28d4880eaff2ee98e3da136122c\">social welfare legislation<\/a>, whether by Congress or the states. With that interpretation in place, Thayer\u2019s essay was typically read as a plea to courts to restrict judicial review of legislative decisions to those situations in which no reasonable doubt existed as to a decision\u2019s unconstitutionality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So understood, Thayer\u2019s essay was taken as a plea for judicial self-restraint, a precursor of the counter-majoritarian difficulty, and a prescient anticipation of the <em>Lochner<\/em> Court\u2019s interpretive excesses, such as liberty of contract. Most of the commentators to the Symposium either critiqued that conventional understanding or directed their attention to Thayer\u2019s essay as a plea for limited judicial review. Notwithstanding the critical stance of some commentators, there was a collective sense that the Symposium was paying homage to an influential marker on the highway of modernizing American constitutional jurisprudence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More than twenty-five years later, the Symposium looks quite different to me. Beginning in the mid 1970s, some central assumptions made by proponents of the \u201cprogressive\u201d interpretation of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century constitutional history began to be called into question, and one by one, over the next fifty years, their resonance has <a href=\"https:\/\/heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu\/HOL\/Page?lname=&amp;public=false&amp;collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals\/gwlr78&amp;men_hide=false&amp;men_tab=toc&amp;kind=&amp;page=1145\">receded<\/a>. Historians have shown that late nineteenth-century courts and commentators are imperfectly described as laissez-faire conservatives, both with respect to their theories of political economy and their ideological <a href=\"https:\/\/heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu\/HOL\/Page?collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals\/lawhst3&amp;id=300&amp;men_tab=srchresults\">leanings<\/a>. The approach of the Supreme Court in police power\/due process cases in the <em>Lochner<\/em> era has come to be seen as far more nuanced, and more mainstream, than anachronistic readings of those cases that later twentieth-century \u201cprogressives\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1815221\">suggested<\/a>. \u201cSubstantive due process\u201d has been revealed to be a phrase that no Justice on the Court employed throughout the <em>Lochner <\/em>era, conventionally thought of as between the 1880s and the late 1930s, when liberty of contract was one of the Court\u2019s commonplace interpretive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/catalog.php?isbn=9780674008311&amp;content=toc\">devices<\/a>. The introduction of the Court-packing plan has been shown to have had virtually no effect on the Court majority\u2019s sustaining hours and wages legislation against constitutional attacks <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.nd.edu\/law_books\/101\/\">after 1937<\/a>. The emergence of a perception that unelected judges posed a&nbsp; \u201ccounter-majoritarian difficulty\u201d for the American system of democratic government has been seen not to have resulted in the Court\u2019s embracing a minimalist conception of judicial review across the board, but in actually increasing the Court\u2019s scrutiny of some other-branch decisions, notably ones affecting the civil rights and civil liberties of <a href=\"https:\/\/www-jstor-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu\/stable\/24540303?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\">minorities<\/a>. Indeed it is fair to say that by the first decade of the twenty-first century every claim made by \u201cprogressive\u201d historians about the course of constitutional law in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries has been the subject of revisionist <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1815221\">scholarship<\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this vein, the 1993 symposium on Thayer, including <a href=\"http:\/\/northwesternlawreview.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/88NwULRev481993-1994.pdf\">my attempt<\/a> at revisiting his jurisprudential perspective, now looks more like the tip of an historiographical iceberg that would grow and expand over the next two decades. Thayer\u2019s purported role as a prescient expositor of \u201cjudicial self-restraint,\u201d a commentator who understood the costs of judges\u2019 employing judicial review to usurp the prerogatives of more majoritarian institutions, was exposed in the Symposium in two respects; that image of Thayer was historically inaccurate, and the idealized posture associated with Thayer had its own deficiencies as an interpretive template. My contribution to the Symposium focused on the first of those themes. I note that there has not been much attention to Thayer among constitutional historians since the Symposium\u2014he still lacks biographical treatment\u2014and perhaps that has been because the Symposium is still regarded as the \u201clast word\u201d on Thayer. More likely it has been because the posture for which Thayer was once celebrated\u2014judicial self-restraint\u2014has ceased to be at the heart of discussions of judicial review and the Supreme Court\u2019s proper interpretive stance in entertaining constitutional challenges to other-branch decision-making. In retrospect, the 1993 Symposium looks to me more like a scene in an unfolding revisionist movie about late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century constitutional history than any sort of jurisprudential milestone.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>G. Edward White is the David and Mary Harrison Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law. He is the author, most recently, of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0190634944\/?tag=newbooinhis-20\">Law in American History, Volume III: 1930-2000 (2019)<\/a>.  <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The following piece is a part of NULR of Note&#8217;s \u201cBring Back The \u201890s\u201d initiative, aimed at exploring the evolution of legal thinking over the past three decades. For more, click here. The 1993 Symposium in which Revisiting James Bradley Thayer appeared was prompted by the centennial of James Bradley Thayer\u2019s essay, The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law. At that time, Thayer\u2019s essay was still quite well known among constitutional scholars, who were largely in&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"><a class=\"btn btn-default\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?p=1127\"> Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[56,43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1127","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bring-back-the-90s","category-professor-contribution"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9jSvD-ib","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1114,"url":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?p=1114","url_meta":{"origin":1127,"position":0},"title":"Bring Back the &#8217;90s","author":"Danielle Berkowsky","date":"February 17, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"The following pieces are a part of Northwestern University Law Review Online Volume 114's \u201cBring Back The \u201890s\u201d initiative, aimed at exploring the evolution of legal thinking over the past three decades. Authors who published with NULR in the 1990s were provided with an opportunity to revisit the ideas, issues,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Bring Back the '90s&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Bring Back the '90s","link":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?cat=56"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/black-and-silver-cassette-player-159613.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/black-and-silver-cassette-player-159613.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/black-and-silver-cassette-player-159613.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/black-and-silver-cassette-player-159613.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/black-and-silver-cassette-player-159613.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/black-and-silver-cassette-player-159613.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1167,"url":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?p=1167","url_meta":{"origin":1127,"position":1},"title":"Accountability (or Lack Thereof) of Corporate Officers and Directors","author":"Cindy Schipani","date":"February 17, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"The following piece is a part of NULR of Note's \u201cBring Back The \u201890s\u201d initiative, aimed at exploring the evolution of legal thinking over the past three decades. For more, click here. In assessing the liability of corporate actors, courts have fairly consistently resolved contests of doctrine in favor of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Bring Back the '90s&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Bring Back the '90s","link":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?cat=56"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/hunters-race-MYbhN8KaaEc-unsplash.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/hunters-race-MYbhN8KaaEc-unsplash.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/hunters-race-MYbhN8KaaEc-unsplash.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/hunters-race-MYbhN8KaaEc-unsplash.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/hunters-race-MYbhN8KaaEc-unsplash.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/hunters-race-MYbhN8KaaEc-unsplash.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1183,"url":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?p=1183","url_meta":{"origin":1127,"position":2},"title":"An Education Right Long Denied; An Education Crisis Thus Continues","author":"Susan Bitensky","date":"February 17, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"The following piece is a part of NULR of Note's \u201cBring Back The \u201890s\u201d initiative, aimed at exploring the evolution of legal thinking over the past three decades. For more, click here. Photo by\u00a0Element5 Digital\u00a0on\u00a0Unsplash Most Americans would probably be surprised to discover that there is no right under the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Bring Back the '90s&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Bring Back the '90s","link":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?cat=56"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/element5-digital-OyCl7Y4y0Bk-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/element5-digital-OyCl7Y4y0Bk-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/element5-digital-OyCl7Y4y0Bk-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/element5-digital-OyCl7Y4y0Bk-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/element5-digital-OyCl7Y4y0Bk-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/element5-digital-OyCl7Y4y0Bk-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1135,"url":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?p=1135","url_meta":{"origin":1127,"position":3},"title":"Is it Only a Crime? Domestic Violence, Vulnerability, and the Carceral State","author":"Malinda Seymore","date":"February 17, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"The following piece is a part of NULR of Note's \u201cBring Back The \u201890s\u201d initiative, aimed at exploring the evolution of legal thinking over the past three decades. For more, click here. Photo by\u00a0Emiliano Bar\u00a0on\u00a0Unsplash When I wrote\u00a0Isn\u2019t It a Crime: Feminist Perspectives on Spousal Immunity and Spousal Violence\u00a0for the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Bring Back the '90s&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Bring Back the '90s","link":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?cat=56"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/emiliano-bar-PaKHbtTDqt0-unsplash.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/emiliano-bar-PaKHbtTDqt0-unsplash.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/emiliano-bar-PaKHbtTDqt0-unsplash.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/emiliano-bar-PaKHbtTDqt0-unsplash.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/emiliano-bar-PaKHbtTDqt0-unsplash.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/emiliano-bar-PaKHbtTDqt0-unsplash.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1177,"url":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?p=1177","url_meta":{"origin":1127,"position":4},"title":"Update on Confirmation Process","author":"Robert Nagel","date":"February 17, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"The following piece is a part of NULR of Note's \u201cBring Back The \u201890s\u201d initiative, aimed at exploring the evolution of legal thinking over the past three decades. For more, click here. Photo by\u00a0Claire Anderson\u00a0on\u00a0Unsplash Writing in 1990, not long after the conclusion of Robert Bork\u2019s Supreme Court confirmation hearings,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Bring Back the '90s&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Bring Back the '90s","link":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?cat=56"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/claire-anderson-Vq__yk6faOI-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/claire-anderson-Vq__yk6faOI-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/claire-anderson-Vq__yk6faOI-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/claire-anderson-Vq__yk6faOI-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/claire-anderson-Vq__yk6faOI-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/claire-anderson-Vq__yk6faOI-unsplash-1.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1138,"url":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?p=1138","url_meta":{"origin":1127,"position":5},"title":"Role of Private Parties in Public Governance","author":"Harold Krent","date":"February 17, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"The following piece is a part of NULR of Note's \u201cBring Back The \u201890s\u201d initiative, aimed at exploring the evolution of legal thinking over the past three decades. For more, click here. Photo by\u00a0Louis Velazquez\u00a0on\u00a0Unsplash In Fragmenting the Unitary Executive, I explored the constitutionality of congressional delegations to private parties\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Bring Back the '90s&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Bring Back the '90s","link":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/?cat=56"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/louis-velazquez-XWW746i6WoM-unsplash.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/louis-velazquez-XWW746i6WoM-unsplash.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/louis-velazquez-XWW746i6WoM-unsplash.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/louis-velazquez-XWW746i6WoM-unsplash.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/louis-velazquez-XWW746i6WoM-unsplash.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/louis-velazquez-XWW746i6WoM-unsplash.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1127","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/88"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1127"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1127\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1127"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1127"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.northwesternlaw.review\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}